Nota dan rujukan Senarai_empayar_terbesar

  1. ↑ CIA - The World Factbook(The total is 148.94).
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 Peter Turchin, Thomas D. Hall and Jonathan M. Adams, "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires", Journal of World-Systems Research Vol. 12 (no. 2), pp. 219-229 (2006).
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 Rein Taagepera "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", International Studies Quarterly Vol. 41, 475-504 (1997).
  4. ↑ http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/turchin/PDF/Latitude.pdf
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Gordon (2005)
  6. 1 2 3 4 Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State, the Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. m/s. 37. ISBN 0791418278. 
  7. ↑ Khulafa al-Rasyidin
  8. 1 2 3 4 Vasseghi, Sheda, "The other Iran story: Re-engineering the nation's cultural DNA", Breaking... WorldTribune.com World Tribune News, (12 October 2009).
  9. 1 2 3 Steele, Christy, "Rome", p. 36 (2001).
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.", Social Science History Vol. 3, 115-138 (1979).
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires Growth-Decline Curves, 3000 to 600 B.C.", Social Science Research Vol. 7, 180-196 (1978).
  12. 1 2 3 Claudio Cioffi-Revilla, J. Daniel Rogers, Steven P. Wilcox, & Jai Alterman, "Computing the Steppes: Data Analysis for Agent-Based Modeling of Polities in Inner Asia", Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Pol. Sci. Assoc., Boston, MA, p. 8 August 28–31, (2008).
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ "The Cholas"" University of Madras"K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rein Taagepera "Size and Duration of Empires: Systematics of Size", Social Science Research Vol. 7, 108-127 (1978).
  16. 1 2 3 John O. Hunwick: Timbuktu and the Songahy Empire: Al-Sa’di’s Ta’rikh Al-sudan Down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents (Brill, 2003),p. xlix.
  17. 1 2 3 Hempstone, page 312
  18. ↑ Khulafa al-Rasyidin
  19. 1 2 3 Ferguson 2004, p. 15.
  20. ↑ Stewart, Basil, "Restoration of Palestine", (In reference to the Empayar Achaemenid), p. 3 (2003).
  21. ↑ Parker, Philip, "The Empire Stops Here", p. 2 (2009).
  22. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1979) is 3.4 juta km2 pada 261 SM.
  23. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1979) and Turchin et al (2006) is 9.0 juta km2 pada 176 SM. As it should be noted, historians are divided on whether the Xiongnu was an empire, and modern consensus in the majority of reputable sources is that the Xiongnu did not exceed 5 juta km2 at their greatest extent.
  24. ↑ Peak area estimated by Turchin et al (2006) is 2.0 juta km2 pada AD 140.
  25. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1979) is 1.7 juta km2 pada AD 440.
  26. ↑ http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/turchin/PDF/Latitude.pdf
  27. ↑
  28. ↑ "The Cholas"" University of Madras"K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
  29. ↑ Peak area estimated by Turchin et al (2006) is 2.3 juta km2 in 1210.
  30. ↑ Peak area estimated by Turchin et al (2006) is 1.0 juta km2 in 1120.
  31. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1997) is 1.0 juta km2 in 900.
  32. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1997) is 1.7 juta km2 in 1200.
  33. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1997) is 1.0 juta km2 in 1130.
  34. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1997) is 1.6 juta km2 in 1400.
  35. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1997) is 1.5 juta km2 in 1163.
  36. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1997) is 35.5 juta km2 in 1920.
  37. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1997) is 13.7 juta km2 in 1780 or 1810.
  38. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1997) is 12.3 juta km2 in 1920.
  39. ↑ Peak area estimated by Taagepera (1997) is 5.5 juta km2 in 1820.
  40. ↑ "Mexican Empire". All Empires. Dicapai 2009-08-02. 
  41. ↑
  42. ↑ "The Cholas"" University of Madras"K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Harrison (1998, pp. 3,7).
  44. ↑ Recorded number of persons in 1851 is 432,164,047 according to Draft History of Qing.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (a) John D. Durand, 1960, "The Population Statistics of China, A.D. 2–1953," Population Studies Vol. 13 (No. 3), 209–256. (b) John D. Durand, 1974, "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation," University of Pennsylvania, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10.
  46. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 1103 are 45,981,845 and 20,524,065, respectively (Song Huiyao), while recorded peak number of persons and households are 46,734,784 and 20,882,438 in 1109, respectively (Song Huiyao).
  47. ↑ Jean-Noël Biraben, "The History of the Human Population From the First Beginnings to the Present" in Demography: Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population (Eds: Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, Guillaume J. Wunsch), Vol. III, Chapter 66, pp 5-18, Academic Press:San Diego (2005).
  48. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 1393 are 60,545,812 and 10,652,870, respectively (Ming Hui Dian), while recorded peak number of persons and households are 66,598,337 and 11,415,829 in 1403, respectively (Book of Ming).
  49. ↑ The combined population of China and Korea in the 13th century was 83 juta in Biraben (2003Templat:Page number). The combined population of Eropah Timur, Rusia, Asia Tengah, Iran, Iraq dan Turki was about 27 juta in Maddison (2006Templat:Page number).
  50. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 1290 are 58,834,711 and 13,196,206, respectively (History of Yuan), while recorded peak number of persons and households are 59,848,964 and 13,430,322 in 1291, respectively (History of Yuan).
  51. ↑ Mclynn Frank "Marcus Aurelius" p. 4. Published by The Bodley Head 2009
  52. ↑ There are several different estimates for the Empayar Rom. Scheidel (2006, p. 2) estimates 60 juta. Goldsmith (1984, p. 263) estimates 55 juta. Beloch (1886, p. 507) estimates 54 juta. Maddison (2006, p. 51, 120) estimates 48 juta. Roman Empire Population estimates 65 juta (while mentioning several other estimates between 55 juta and 120 juta).
  53. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in AD 2 are 59,594,978 and 12,233,062, respectively (Book of Han).
  54. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 1193 are 27,845,085 and 12,302,873, respectively (Wenxian Tongkao), while recorded peak number of persons and households are 28,320,085 and 12,670.801 in 1223, respectively (Wenxian Tongkao).
  55. ↑ The combined population of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Netherlands, United States and the Philippines was 29.2 juta in Maddison (2006Templat:Page number). The population of Latin America was 39 juta in Biraben (2003Templat:Page number), minus Brazil and its 4 juta people with was a part of the Empayar Portugal.
  56. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 156 are 56,486,856 and 10,677,960 respectively (Book of the Later Han).
  57. ↑ The combined population of Southwest Asia and North Africa was about 57 juta in Biraben (2003Templat:Page number). The combined population of Spain and Portugal was about 5 juta in Maddison (2006Templat:Page number).
  58. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households are 46,019,956 and 8,907,546, respectively, in 606 (Tongdian) or 609 (Book of Sui).
  59. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 755 are 52,919,309 and 8,914,709, respectively (Book of Tang).
  60. 1 2 While estimates for the Empayar Achaemenid range from 10–80+ juta, most prefer 50 juta. Prevas (2009, p. 14) estimates 10 juta 1. Langer (2001, p. 40) estimates around 16 juta 2. McEvedy and Jones (2001, p. 50) estimates 17 juta 3. Strauss (2004, p. 37) estimates about 20 juta 4. Ward (2009, p. 16) estimates at 20 juta 5. Aperghis (2007, p. 311) estimates 32 juta 6. Scheidel (2009, p. 99) estimates 35 juta 7. Zeinert (1996, p. 32) estimates 40 juta 8. Rawlinson and Schauffler (1898, p. 270) estimates possibly 50 juta 9. Astor (1899, p. 56) estimates almost 50 juta 10. Lissner (1961, p. 111) estimates probably 50 juta 11. Milns (1968, p. 51) estimates some 50 juta 12. Hershlag (1980, p. 140) estimates nearly 50 juta 13. Yarshater (1996, p. 47) estimates by 50 juta 14. Daniel (2001, p. 41) estimates at 50 juta 15. Meyer and Andreades (2004, p. 58) estimates to 50 juta 16. Pollack (2004, p. 7) estimates about 50 juta 17. Jones (2004, p. 8) estimates over 50 juta 18. Safire (2007, p. 627) estimates in 50 juta 19. Dougherty (2009, p. 6) estimates about 70 juta 20. Richard (2008, p. 34) estimates nearly 70 juta 21. Mitchell (2004, p. 16) estimates over 70 juta 22. Hanson (2001, p. 32) estimates almost 75 juta 23. West (1913, p. 85) estimates about 75 juta 24. Zenos (1889, p. 2) estimates exactly 75 juta 25. Cowley (1999 and 2001, p. 17) estimates possibly 80 juta 26. Cook (1904, p. 277) estimates exactly 80 juta 27.
  61. ↑ Recorded number of persons and households in 1195 are 48,490,400 and 7,223,400, respectively (History of Jin).
  62. ↑ Historical Estimates of World Population U.S. Census Bureau.
  63. 1 2 McEvedy and Jones (1978).
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Maddison, op cit. For alternate estimates, see the Economic History Services' USA/UK KDNK search tool.
  65. ↑ Mclynn Frank "Marcus Aurelius" p.4. Published by The Bodley Head 2009
  66. ↑ Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones (1978), "Atlas of World Population History", Facts on File (p. 342-351). New York.
  67. ↑ Thomlinson (1975, Table 1).
  68. ↑ Jean-Noel Biraben; Biraben, Jean-Noel (1979-01). "Essai sur l'evolution du nombre des hommes". Population (French Edition). Institut National d'&#201. 34 (1): 13–25. doi:10.2307/1531855.  Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
  69. ↑ Walker, Sheila S., African roots/American cultures: Africa in the creation of the Americas, Published by Rowman & Littlefield, p. 127. (2001)
  70. 1 2 Broadberry and Harrison (2005).
  71. ↑ Pamuk (2005Templat:Page number).

Rujukan

WikiPedia: Senarai_empayar_terbesar http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_researc... http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=Mexi... http://www.bharatadesam.com/history/chola_empire.p... http://books.google.com/?id=Uy23kBDD7WcC http://books.google.com/books?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&pg=P... http://books.google.com/books?id=0fLXAAAAMAAJ&q=2.... http://books.google.com/books?id=1S-Q-6jDZ7AC&pg=P... http://books.google.com/books?id=258XAAAAYAAJ&pg=P... http://books.google.com/books?id=6p5mAAAAMAAJ&dq=7... http://books.google.com/books?id=6vnkts2rOJUC&pg=P...